Saturday, August 31, 2019

Comprehensive Problem: Service Industry Essay

Objectives: Demonstrate application of accounting concepts pertaining to a service company, including the following: selection of business form,  journalization and posting of daily transactions,  creation of unadjusted trial balance,  adjustment of the accounts to properly report changes in balances, creation of financial statements,  completion of the closing process with appropriate closing entries and posting to T accounts, determination of book value for fixed assets, and  discussion of company’s financial position. As you work through this problem please refer to the Penn State rules regarding Academic Integrity. It is very important that you cite your sources. Part 1: 5% of Assignment Grade Monica Porter loves photography and wants to start her own company. She is single, 26 years old, and lives in an apartment in Nicetown. She has a job as a clerk in a grocery store that currently pays her living expenses. Her dream is to be a portrait photographer specializing in events such as weddings, birthdays, graduations, etc. She has saved $10,000 to start this endeavor. She knows nothing about accounting and has hired you to provide her with accounting services as well as guidance in starting this business. This first task is to determine which business organization entity she should choose. Please explain the different business formats and which one you would suggest for her business, which will be named â€Å"Portraits by Porter† (PBP). Part 2: 85% of Assignment Grade Monica has followed your advice and on January 11, 2012, she deposited $10,000 into a business bank account for PBP and started pursuing her dream. It has been a hectic year, and in June Monica contacts you to ask your advice in helping her to determine whether she can leave the grocery store and work the photography business full time. She provides you with a list of the things that have happened during the past 6 months. She has applied for a small business loan of $25,000 and has been told by her banker that she  needs a set of books (whatever that means) and financial statements (?) along with a listing of her fixed assets at book value. The banker told her that the books should be closed for the year as ended June 30, 2012, with corresponding financial statements. 1. Create the journal for the transactions and post these to the T accounts (45 pts). 2. Create the unadjusted trial balance (5 pts). 3. Make the necessary adjusted journal entries (6 pts). 4. Create the adjusted trial balance (5 pts). 5. Complete the financial statements: income statement, retained earnings, and balance sheet (15 pts). 6. Close the books using appropriate journal entries with T accounts (5 pts). 7. Determine the BV of the fixed assets (4 pts). PART 3: 10% of assignment grade Discuss the economic position of BPB and what you would advise Monica concerning her job at the grocery store.

Leonardo da Vinci’s †The Last Supper Essay

The Last Supper is a unique painting. One of the reasons it is so different is that the canvas it is painted on is much wider than it is tall. By looking at the painting you can see that da Vinci is painting a gathering of people with the one in the middle of the table receiving most of the attention. The painting is most likely done on a canvas with simple oil paints. One feature a viewer might notice is Leonardo’s use of rectangles. Whether this is intentional or serves any purpose is unclear, but other than the humans in the scene everything is a rectangular shape. The work is organized with all of the focus of the viewer falling on the meal, or even more specifically on the man in the middle. da Vinci draws us to this man because he has placed three windows as a source of light in the background. The windows are directly behind him, drawing our attention to the contrast between the two. The viewer may also notice that all of the characters around the focal point lean slightly in one direction or another, while the character we are intended to focus on remains erect. The artist is conveying the message that something has shocked the men around this, one. One can assume that it may be surprising news or something to that extent. However, since this is a well-known painting there are not many that don’t know what it is actually about. The painting of â€Å"The Last Supper† is Leonardo da Vinci’s portrayal of Jesus’ last meal with his disciples. That night Jesus would tell the disciples that later one of them would betray him. Jesus’ honesty and forwardness shocked the disciples, and in turn they all began to question themselves. In da Vinci’s masterpiece one can see that perhaps Jesus has just delivered this message and that the disciples are taken aback by his accusation. In my opinion this painting lives up to its hype. The artistry is pure genius. Leonardo da Vinci makes the viewer see exactly what he wants them to see. The focus is all on Jesus, but if you take the time to look at each disciple you can almost feel what they are feeling. The crowd at the table appears much like a lunchroom rumor fluttering about a high school  cafeteria. The way Jesus lays his hands on the table is symbolic. His palms turned upwards toward the heavens with his arms fully extended, yet dropped heavily onto the table. Jesus is offering himself up, da Vinci captures the moment perfectly.

Friday, August 30, 2019

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 13

The Demon Gate. Elena glanced over her shoulder at the backseat of the Prius. Bonnie was blinking sleepily. Meredith, who'd gotten much less sleep but heard much more alarming news, was looking like a razor blade: keen, sharp as ice, and ready. There was nothing else to see except Damon with his paper bags on the seat beside him, driving the Prius. Out the windows, where an arid Arizona dawn should be blinding its way across the horizon, was nothing but fog. It was frightening and disorienting. They had taken a small road off Highway 179 and, gradually, the fog had crept in, sending tendrils of mist around the car, and finally engulfing it whole. It seemed to Elena that they were being deliberately cut off from the old ordinary world of McDonald's and Target, and were crossing a border into a place they weren't meant to know about, much less go. There was no traffic in the other direction. None at all. And as hard as Elena peered out of her window, it was like trying to look through fast-moving clouds. â€Å"Aren't we going too fast?† Bonnie asked, rubbing her eyes. â€Å"No,† Damon said. â€Å"It would be – a remarkable coincidence – if anyone else were on the same route at the same time we are.† â€Å"It looks a lot like Arizona,† she said, disappointed. â€Å"It may be Arizona, for all I know,† Damon replied. â€Å"But we haven't crossed the Gate yet. And this isn't anywhere in Arizona you could just accidentally walk into. The path always has its little tricks and traps. The problem is that you never know what you'll be facing. â€Å"Now listen,† he added, looking at Elena with an expression she had gotten to know. It meant: I'm not joking around; I'm talking to you as an equal; I'm serious. â€Å"You've gotten very good at showing only a human-sized aura,† Damon said. â€Å"But that means that if you can learn one more thing before we go in, you can actually use your aura, make it do you some good when you want it to, instead of just hiding it until it pops up out of control and lifts three-thousand-pound cars.† â€Å"Like what kind of good?† â€Å"Like what I'm going to show you. First of all just relax and let me control it. Then, little by little, I'll slacken the controls and you'll take them up. By the end, you should be able to send your Powers to your eyes – and see much better; to your ears – and hear much better; to your limbs – and move much more quickly and precisely. All right?† â€Å"You couldn't have taught me this before we started on this little excursion?† He smiled at her, a wild, reckless smile that made her smile, too, even if she didn't know what it was about. â€Å"Until you showed how well you could control your aura throughout the path – the way here – I didn't think you were ready,† he said bluntly. â€Å"Now I do. There are things in your mind just waiting to be unlocked. You'll understand when we unlock them.† And we unlock them – with what? A kiss? Elena thought suspiciously. â€Å"No. No. And that's the other reason you've got to learn this. Your telepathy is getting out of hand. If you don't learn how to keep from projecting your thoughts, you'll never make it past the checkpoint at the Gate as a human.† Checkpoint. That sounded ominous. Elena nodded and said, â€Å"All right; what do we do?† â€Å"What we did before. Like I said, relax. Try to trust me.† He put his right hand just to the left of her breastbone, not touching the cloth of her deep gold top. Elena could feel herself flushing, and she wondered what Bonnie and Meredith must think of this if they were watching. And then Elena felt something else. It wasn't cold; it wasn't heat, but it was something like the furthest extremities of both of them. It was pure Power. It would have knocked her over if Damon hadn't been holding her by the arm with his other hand. She thought, he's using his own Power to prime mine, to do something – – something that hurt – No! Elena tried, vocally and telepathically, to tell Damon that the Power was too much, that it hurt. But Damon ignored her pleas even as he ignored the tears that spilled onto her cheeks. His Power was leading hers now, painfully, throughout her body. It was in her bloodstream, dragging her own Power behind it like a comet's tail. It was forcing her to take the Power to different parts of her body and let it build and build there, not letting her exhale it, not letting her move it on. I'm going to burst – All this time her eyes had been fixed on Damon's, broadcasting her feelings to him: from indignant anger to shock to agonized pain – and now†¦to†¦ Her mind exploded. The rest of her Power went on circling, without causing any pain. Each new breath she drew added more Power to it, but it simply circulated through her bloodstream, not increasing her aura, but increasing the Power that was inside her. After two or three more quick breaths she realized that she was doing it effortlessly. Now Elena's Power wasn't simply sliding around smoothly inside her, looking from the outside like any other human's. It was also filling several burst swollen nodes inside her and where it did that, it changed things. She realized that she was looking at Damon with round eyes. He might have told her about how this would feel, rather than letting her go into it blind. You really are a total bastard, aren't you? Elena thought, and, amazingly, she could feel Damon receive the thought, and could feel his automatic response, which was pleased agreement, rather than otherwise. Then Elena forgot about him in the dawning of a new understanding. She was realizing that she could keep circulating her Power inside her, and even build it higher and higher, getting ready for a truly explosive burst, and show nothing of what it was doing on the surface. And as for the nodes†¦ Elena looked around her at what a few minutes ago had been barren wilderness. It was like taking bullets of light through both her eyes. She was dazzled; she was enthralled. Colors seemed to come to life in a painful glory. She felt that she could see much farther than she ever had, on and on into the desert, and at the same time, she could distinguish Damon's pupils from his irises. Why, they're both black, but different shades of black, she thought. Of course, they go together – Damon would never have irises that didn't complement his pupils. But the irises are more velvety, where his pupils are more silky and shiny. And yet it's a velvet that can hold light inside it – almost like the night sky with stars – like those kitsune star balls that Meredith told me about. Right now those pupils were wide and set unyieldingly on her face, as if Damon didn't want to miss a moment of her reaction. Suddenly, the corner of his lip quirked in a faint smile. â€Å"You did it. You learned to channel your Power to your eyes.† He spoke in a bare whisper that she could never have detected before. â€Å"And to my ears,† she whispered back, listening to the amazing symphony of tiny sounds around her. High in the air, a bat squeaked on a frequency too high for any ordinary human ear to notice. As for the fall of grains of sand around her, they formed something like a tiny concerto as they struck rock and bounced with a tiny ping before falling to the ground below. This is amazing, she told Damon, hearing the smugness in her own telepathic voice. And I can talk to you this way any time now? She would have to watch out for that – telepathy threatened to reveal more than she might want to send to a recipient. It's best to be careful, Damon agreed, confirming her suspicions. She'd sent more than she'd meant to. But Damon – can Bonnie do this, too? Should I try to show her? â€Å"Who knows?† Damon replied aloud, making Elena wince. â€Å"Teaching humans how to use Power isn't exactly my forte.† And what about my different Wings Powers? Will I be able to control them, now? â€Å"About those I have absolutely no idea. I've never seen anything like them.† Damon looked thoughtful for a moment and then shook his head. â€Å"I think you'd need someone with more experience than I have to learn to control those.† Before Elena could say anything else, he added, â€Å"We'd better get back to the others. We're almost at the Gate.† â€Å"And I suppose I shouldn't be using telepathy then.† â€Å"Well, it is a rather obvious giveaway – â€Å" â€Å"But you'll teach me later, won't you? As much as you know about controlling Power?† â€Å"Maybe your boyfriend should be doing that,† Damon said almost roughly. He's afraid, Elena thought, trying to keep her thoughts hidden under a wall of white noise so that Damon wouldn't pick them up. He's just as afraid that he'll reveal too much to me as I am afraid of him.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Political Communication in the Global Age - Does political advertising Essay

Political Communication in the Global Age - Does political advertising undermine or support democracy - Essay Example Most of their competitive campaigns include huge numbers of advertisements and negative appeal. Such campaigns can overwhelm voters. It makes them think these communications are manipulative and may turn them off. However, at the same time, such communications and campaigns are responsible for giving people access to information, keeping them up to date and engaged, it mobilizes them, gives them choice, gives them freedom, help those who are politically unsophisticated and bring many other advantages that positively impact democracy. Political advertising supports democracy by giving people choice and access to information as it is but to enable it to facilitate order and democracy even more, it should be driven by some regulations. More research needs to be carried out to identify gaps in political advertising versus democracy. When customers are in the process of making a decision about a commercial product – whether to buy it or not; they need to have information about that product. Better yet, they should be able to engage and interact with the product to get a better idea about it. In my opinion, having this information makes these customers powerful and facilitates decision-making. However, whether this decision is the â€Å"best† one or not is unclear until customers actually start using a product after purchase. Similarly, before voting, customers might need relevant information to be able to vote. At the same time however, well-equipped and even better funded candidates and political parties can devastate the voter with their political advertising campaigns that may include negative, competitive and attack ads. This paper will look at the arguments for and against political advertising and its relationship with democracy. It will then conclude whether political advertising undermines or supports democracy. To give readers a head start, the following section will explain what political advertising is and how, as a marketing tool,

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

EnronBlack GoldP2P Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EnronBlack GoldP2P - Essay Example This is a documentary film that is based on the book "The Smartest Guys in the Room". Basically, it dramatizes the rise and fall of Enron. It is quite entertaining due to smart use of storytelling devices, imagery and soundtrack. In fact, it is amazing to look on leading role played by banks, financial media, accounting firms and government. The film Enron is weak on clearing up how the company brought up its image from a simple gas pipeline business to a post-modern corporate megalith. One of the most important things regarding the film's strength is in its representation of the massive group thinking within and outside of the corporation that helped enormously to support the rise in Enron's. The film, explains how the earning loads of money by exploiting commodities trading and accounting methods at the same time how it is losing plenty of money in real world undertakings. In fact the film portraits beautifully and makes it understandable even for a lay man how Enron set up its fir st commodities trading desk to take advantage of on inside knowledge of the gas business, and then tried to implement the same model with water, broadband, electricity, etc. In reality as a trading firm, Enron avoided investment firm policy by portraying itself as an industrial firm. The films dramatization of Enron's role and the political manipulations behind the California energy-crisis is well portrayed.In fact through the film there is great deal of emphasis given on the fact that this can happen again. It has happened before for instance in the cases of leveraged buyouts, the Savings and Loan crisis, the burst Internet IPO bubble, the 1920s Stock Market crash etc and it can happen again in future. It can be said that Enron, the film, is a lesson on how one corporation recently stole from investors, employees and its "customers" (Independent Lens). Additionally, as an investigation of corruption in corporate sector the film gives a sensible look at the culture and the intrinsic problems within the companies. The movie provides a few mechanisms such as the vitality curve and the Milgram experiment. This is especially for attractive an immensely immoral and profit-driven corporate culture. In fact the vitality curve represents the idea of invariable contest in the work place. To be more specific the individuals are ambitious to compete with each other because wherever possible the employees who are not performing will be thrown out of the company at any moment. In the film it is clearly shown how Enron constantly hired new staff just because of the reason that even with high profits it was firing people for production of less than 1000 times what they were being paid. Therefore the environment was such that it caused people to not only ignore the law, but also to take action competitively in breaking the law. This film clearly shows that how the top officials of the company and the government play a role in bringing in an energy crisis in the state of California. In the film it is shown that the Enron employees makes plan for the transfer of electricity from the state of California into nodes in other states where there was a surplus and was not required at all. California had signed legislation allowing for a free market in energy and as an answer to this, Enron shaped a demand by causing blackouts across the state. As soon as this happened the price of electricity increased drastically, and Enron made billions and billons of dollars in profits to ship back the energy they took out of California back into California. Breaking laws and doing illegal acts were encouraged in Enron. With a goal derived from the hunt of profit, Enron employees were always asked to break laws or perform acts that could be considered immoral. In fact it was seen that none of the Enron employees ever came forward to report the corruption. The factor that unavoidably led to people coming forward was a "sinking ship" feeling, resulting in some of the Enron executives

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Assignment 2 - Differentiating age changes from pathological changes

2 - Differentiating age changes from pathological changes - Assignment Example It also causes profuse sweating, increased breathing and pulse rate (Nadel, 2008). A bluish colour may appear in the lips and nails due to the reduce oxygen in the blood. This causes confused and delirious mental state to the patient. Coughs- this because of reduced output of the respiratory system causing abnormal respiratory responses. This is because chest bones become thinner which causes a shape change of the ribcage. Thus the ribcage expands less during breathing. This can also be attributed to changes in the immune system thus the lungs recover less from exposure to harmful particles (Cook, Zumla, A & Manson, 2009). Chills- metabolism becomes slower as one ages therefore heat generation by the body is low thus muscles have to provide alternative means to generate heat. This reduction in metabolism is due to the thyroid becoming lumpy thus affecting the production of hormones that are responsible for metabolism. Shortness of breath and tiredness- as one grows older; muscles that support the diaphragm are weakened. This causes the airways to lose their ability of keeping the airways open. Causing them to close easily. This can be attributed to loss of shape and bagginess of the alveoli. All these changes in lung tissue causes air to get trapped in the lungs thus not enough oxygen reaches the capillaries. Removal of carbon IV oxide is reduced making breathing hard. Headache – headaches maybe more frequent as one ages because of a number of reasons. One is that due to reduction in blood pressure that can prevent enough blood reaching the brain thus causing dehydration of brain cells causing minor headaches and light headiness. Drop in blood pressure can occur also due to the reduction in aldosterone hormone which in turn can indirectly or directly cause headaches. Fatigue – can be caused by the various factors. One key factor is the reduction of central nervous system functionality. This can also be attributed to reduced metabolism and

Monday, August 26, 2019

'Cargo' now intends to introduce justintime. Advise Cargo as to the Essay

'Cargo' now intends to introduce justintime. Advise Cargo as to the main problems they are likely to face and examine how they should overcome these problems - Essay Example As the company sells mainly to the Car industry it has to be noted that a change of ownership(especially in a foreign context) will lead to a clash of management and production culture. Some academics have spoken favourably of the incidents of such a takeover as Graham (1988) notes that 'just-in-time' production is an "innovative paradigm for manufacturing control". This production technique is the brainchild of the Japanese management philosophy and Graham (1988) has expressed the view that British and American systems can benefit from this in order to remain internationally competitive. The previous decades have seen a radical modification in the Manufacturing techniques through the interaction and intersection of Western and Japanese techniques. (Graham 1988, Yamashina 1996) It is worth noting that the political atmosphere of the decade of the eighties made the United Kingdom a conducive political environment for the Japanese foreign manufacturers. (Graham 1988, Yamashina 1996).Th is gave them a chance to transfer their highly competitive manufacturing processes and management techniques to the United Kingdom's production culture and a unique permeation of their specialities like Just-in-Time to their production culture.(McDermott 1996). ... Therefore the output is cost reflective and any accumulation of excessively low level production and inventory methods is highly discouraged.(Epps 1995).The system involves the establishment of highly balanced work flows with sophisticated linkages between the production stages.(Epps 1995).The process will involve the reduction of inventory buffers and a heightened emphasis on the economies of scale from wise efficient procedures.(Mc Dermott 1996). Just In Time owes its origins to the development innovations by Toyota Car Company in the mid fifties and later influenced many major western companies/engineering business concerns like General Electric and Rover.(Mc Dermott 1996). Mc Dermott 1996 and Yeung 1997 have stated in reference to Rover that this British Car company had a lot to learn from its Japanese influence as it benefited immensely by reducing the new product development cycle and reduction in and management levels.Also prominent is the introduction of the minimal inventory control (MIC), a just-in-time system as it embraced its Japanese influence in its new slogan- "Prevention not detection: part of Rover's total quality commitment". (Mc Dermott 1996).Therefore the positive western experience has led to the Just In Time systems to be widely used in British Car manufacturing today.Cargo Engineering Company will have to adopt itself to a number of salient features of the Just In Time innovation. At this point we are assuming that the British car company is neither familiar with the Just-in time culture nor has employed any foreign technical staff. However the presence of British labour laws is acknowledged along with an absence of any major technological changes in the past few years. Based on the analysis by Nataraajan &

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Portfolio 2500 words Gymnastics-outdoor activities-Dance Essay

Portfolio 2500 words Gymnastics-outdoor activities-Dance - Essay Example This was a challenge for me, as it took both thought and action. But once I honed in on a plan, I was able to successfully and consistently do a cartwheel. I even had to make the cartwheel more difficult, by incorporating it into a routine and also training on a variety of terrains. Outdoor and Adventurous Activities embodies and expands upon my cartwheel example by using physical activity to promote learning, health, and a positive self-image. There are a variety of other resources that use dance to promote education, like a professional dance team, the American Dance Therapy Association, and the Interdisciplinary Learning Through Dance curriculum. Performing a cartwheel requires a certain level of strength, dexterity, and skill. It is seen as a basic tenant of gymnastics, the foundation for more complicated moves. Given the proper training, I think most people could perform a cartwheel. But receiving proper training is not always easy. The technique involved in performing a cartwhe el is not all obvious, so for a first timer it is often necessary to be under some instruction. Even for people who are able to do a cartwheel, being trained by someone more skilled can improve their form. Of course, not every can have a trainer at all times, so often we must depend on the information we can find ourselves to aid our cause. I wanted to look into a variety of ways to do cartwheels, so I found three different learning methods and tested them out. The first method, found on Cheerleading.about.com, was somewhat vague. The sum of the instructional part is, â€Å"stand in a lunge, knee bent slightly, arms up by your ears†¦reach forward with your right arm, kicking your left leg up†¦ the left hand should follow†¦ as it touches the ground, your right let should be off the ground also.† While there were some additional tips, the article concluded by saying the best way was to go to a gym and get professional help. While it seemed simple enough, I wasnâ €™t able to do a cartwheel with this resource’s instructions alone. This article lacked depth, and seemed more of a definition of a cartwheel than an explanation of how to do one. The next article I found on the subject, on the Robbins Sports Blog, was much more helpful. Rather than just explain doing a cartwheel as the limb movements, this article touched on the subtleties that make a cartwheel work. It establishes the lead foot and starting positioning, then tells you to â€Å"put your weight on your back foot and point your toes on your lead food. Rock back on your back leg; then lunge forward into your front foot. Your front leg will bend, but your body should form a straight line with your back leg, body, and arms.† I found this to be a much more descriptive instructional segment for the beginning of the cartwheel. The article then explains the continuation of process, including bringing your arms to the ground, turning your body, placing your hands on the gro und, and then pushing with your back leg to bring your body airborne. It even adds that a clean cartwheel should end with the body in the mirror image of the starting position. Even with the main description of the cartwheel explained, from starting position to what you should end up like, the article included additional tips. It suggested drawing a line on the ground to ensure you move in a straight line. It also added â€Å"your arms and legs should be completely extended.† One piece of additional advice I found especially

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Philosophy theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy theory - Essay Example The concept of absurd has a rather weighty importance in the work of Kierkegaard. Kierkegaard considers the theory of absurd in several of his works, but it occupies a special role in his work Fear and Trembling. Here, speaking from a position of criticism of Christianity, Kierkegaard considers the biblical story when Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son to Him. For Kierkegaard, this is an example of the absurdity of human existence, based on lack of freedom. Kierkegaard sees the faith of Abraham as a paradox as it is able to convert a murder into the sacred and charitable act. Kierkegaard, however, does not diminish the importance of faith. On the contrary, he emphasized that faith is transcendent and therefore is absurd. Faith in God is absurd because it cannot be explained by means of logic, however, it is effective by giving people the spiritual strength. Thus, the absurd is an inability to logically comprehend faith in God, while it is able to provide moral support. Feuerbach demonstrates a critical attitude to religion, because he is convinced that it is the result of the alienation of human qualities such as kindness, compassion, etc. Religion arose when people began to ascribe to God the qualities that belong to the people. The philosopher believes that a man is in himself a divine being, and it is a man (not the transcendent God) who should be deified. Thus, in the concept of Feuerbach, a divine being is a human being who deserves to be erected on a pedestal of God. People should treat each other as if each of them is God. Thus, the interaction between people should be based on the principles of equality, justice, and mutual aid. In this respect, love also plays a particularly important role as a force that unites people. In his works, Nietzsche provided a strict demarcation between the weak and strong cultures, each of which

Friday, August 23, 2019

Answers on history (Liberalism, State Sovereignty, Marxism, The Cold Essay

Answers on history (Liberalism, State Sovereignty, Marxism, The Cold War) - Essay Example One of the questions the paper deals with is liberalism. The term liberalism has its roots in the Age of enlightenment in the eighteenth century. The intellectual and philosophical developments of that age aspired towards governmental consolidation, centralization and primacy of the nation-state, and greater rights for common people. . Its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. The topic modern liberalism is so wide and consists of political, economical, cultural, and social aspects. It emphasizes the rights of individual and equality of opportunities and freedom of thoughts and the freedom of expression of ideas. Enlightenment thinkers believed that systematic thinking might be applied to all areas of human activity. Its leaders believed they could lead their states to progress after a long period of tradition, irrationality, superstition, and tyranny which they imputed to the Middle Ages.

The Coward or The Sane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Coward or The Sane - Essay Example During his tenure as the spokesman of the party he encounters many people and situations that slowly force him to face the truth about racism and his own lack of individuality. With the continuation of racism tensions in Harlem, he gets caught up in a rebellion that drives him to a manhole, where in the darkness and solitude, he begins to understand himself - his invisibility, his existence, his purpose and his identity. In the same manhole he decides to write his story down and he vows to enter the world again when he is finished. In the prologue of the book the narrator introduces himself as the Invisible Man, presenting himself as both a character and as a theme, because others choose not to see him and he hates this treatment and fights this by retaliation. His invisibility is representative of the fact that the United States, controlled as it is in its economic and social racism, gives him no identity. He recounts past incident of his life where he had a ferocious fight with a w hite man just because that man had rudely knocked him down and finally stopped short of murdering that man realizing that the man had never seen him. The narrator refers such people like the white man who deliberately or un-deliberately ignore him as sleep walkers as they shoes to remain ignorant. The novel explains how the invisible man understands the power of invisibility and realized that he is not bound to follow the rules of visible people. He also mentioned the electricity he steals from the Monopolized Power Company to lighten the abandoned basement where he currently lives. He needs that light to feel alive, and recognize him as light according to him represents the truth of his being and one day people will also see him and he would no longer be invisible. The narrator explains his need for sound as well as the feeling of being under the influence of Marijuana and how he mentally returns from that influence. He resolves not to smoke any more marijuana, since it distorts hi s drive to take appropriate action. It is a story of his early incorruptibility, his ultimate disappointment, and his recent surprise about his own identity. When he figures out what to do, he does not want to be prevented from doing it. He further defines his current period of hibernation as a stage of preparation for the action he will soon be ready to take as he will make himself visible by writing the sound of his voice in notes on the pages of a book. He responds to those who would call him irresponsible by clearly pointing out the fact that there is no one to whom he can be responsible as recognition is necessary for the responsibilities and no one recognizes him. The scene in chapter 25 of the book is full of aggression, disorder, and disorder, but it is also the scene wherein the narrator is suddenly able to understand each and everything fully. Hambro has told him that some will be sacrificed for the good of the whole. The some being sacrificed are the black men, and the wh ole advantaged from this sacrifice are the white men. The Brotherhood has all along wanted to turn the black men against each another and to create dispute amongst them so that they can never unite, so that they can eliminate themselves. The rioting is a vital part of their plan. With sickening clearness, the narrator realizes that he has been totally duped. He thought he was tricking the Brotherhood,

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Analysis of Modern Love by Douglas Dunn Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Modern Love by Douglas Dunn Essay What are the poet’s thoughts and feelings about love? In Modern Love, Dunn presents many ideas about the functioning of modern love, and they ways in which it differs from what he might perceive as traditional, or true love. He possibly discusses how modern love is superficial, and only a facade, as well as how modern love is interrupted by a variety of other commitments, but also how love is possibly the only escape from an otherwise dull and dreary life. Dunn initially talks about the superficiality of modern love by talking about how they are ‘enjoying minutes of rented silence’. The fact that it is a ‘rented silence’ suggests that it is only temporary, showing how modern love is not permanent. Furthermore, it could also suggest that to achieve these ‘minutes’, there has been a cost involved, whether monetary or purely symbolic. In addition, it says there is ‘not much to show for love’, further portray how this love is ineffectual, and that not much has been achieved by this love. The fact that they are ‘in a house that is not theirs’ further shows what length this couple has to go to to put up the facade of modern love. The juxtaposition of the word ‘love’ with ‘alone’ further displays the disconnection in the relationship of ‘modern love’. The powerful use of enjambment could be used to signify the constant progression of time t hroughout this poem, during which no ‘love’ is taking place. Furthermore, Dunn discusses how modern love is often interrupted by other commitments, namely, the family. Dunn writes how the ‘under-tens and invalids’ are finally asleep. The reference to what can be assumed to be the elderly as ‘invalids’ is somewhat derogatory, and this could be used to showcase the resentment shown towards them, as they may be responsible for the failures of modern love. In addition, the fact that they can only procure ‘minutes’ of ‘silence’ from this, shows how much these other commitments intrude into their love, and the fact that they prefer to ‘enjoy’ the ‘silence’ shows how hectic their involvement with their family can be. The reference to the family as ‘the upstairs people’, can possibly be used to suggest how this couple wants to distance themselves from the family, which can possibly suggest that the speaker yearns for a loving relationship, but this is not possib le. However, it can also be said that this love is their only solace from an otherwise dull and dreary lifestyle. The fact that they choose to ‘enjoy silence’ can be used to show that they simply value to spend time together; to get away from their hectic daily lives. The fact that it is said that their ‘lives flap’ is personification used to convey how there is a sense of disorganisedness or desperation in their lives, and Dunn goes on to write how ‘there is no hope of better happiness than this’, which goes to show that although modern love may be ineffectual and dull, it is the highlight of their lives. The fact that the poem is 14 lines long shows that it is written in the style of a sonnet, which could possibly suggest that there is some real love being represented here, and that the whole poem is not necessarily a criticism of modern love. Alternatively, however, this structure could have potentially been used sarcastically. Dunn also writes how ‘all other lives’ are ‘worn down to trees and sunlight’ and how they ‘look forward to a visit from the cat’, and this could be used to highlight how dull and uneventful their lives have become, and how ‘modern love’ is their only escape from this. Overall, although Dunn portrays Modern Love as somewhat of a facade, and superficial, as well as being constantly being interrupted by other commitments, he may also be trying to state how modern love is often the only solace couples have from their increasingly dull and dreary lives.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Impact of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health

Impact of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health Impact of social exclusion to physical and mental health of Australian children Dian Atiqah Binte Lokman O.Mahat 1.0 Introduction For the purpose of this paper, the various physical and mental health impacts of social exclusion will be discussed, with specific focus on the health of Australian children. The concept of social exclusion has become one of the widely recognised framework for understanding, measuring and addressing poverty and disadvantages in multidimensional level (Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009). Social exclusion is one of the many social factors that contribute to the social determinant of health. Australian children are at risk of child social exclusion with the spatial differences in areas of high social exclusion risk that are common in Australia’s rural and regional balance, and in clusters of outer areas in most of Australia’s capital cities(Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009). Physical and mental health implications resulting from social exclusion will be discussed in relation to social acceptance. 2.0 Social Exclusion as a Determinant of Health for Australian Children According to the British Social Exclusion Unit, ‘social exclusion is what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, poor health and family breakdown’ (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,2004,p.2). People have a fundamental need for positive and lasting relationships. With the evolution of history, human develops the trait of belonging that enables individuals to gain acceptance and avoid rejection. As belongingness is a core component of human functioning, social exclusion influences many cognitive, emotional, and behavioural outcomes and personality expression. (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011) Social exclusion in the school environment is increasingly being recognised as a form of relational aggression or bullying, in which a child is exposed to harm through the manipulation of their social relationships and status (Edith Cowan University, 2009). There are many form of social exclusion such as experiences being deliberately excluded from a peer group, rumours spread about them, name calling and being purposefully embarrassed. Hence, social exclusion defies a lack of connectedness, participation, alienation or disenfranchisement from certain people within the society. Based on a Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC) survey results, 1 in 6 children live in households experiencing social exclusion; experiencing four or more of the nine indicators of no week’s holiday away from home each year, children did not participate in school activities and outings, no hobby or leisure activity for children, no medical treatment if needed, no access to a local doctor or hospital, no access to a bulk-billing doctor, does not have $500 in emergency savings, could not raise $2000 in a week in an emergency and lives in a jobless household (Saunders and Naidoo, 2008). Many range of studies done by the Commonwealth of Australia Senate Community Affairs Reference Committee in 2004 shows disadvantaged children in Australia and the impact of poverty on indicators including health education and health, and the social and economic implications of poverty (Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009). 3.0 How Australian Children are affected through social exclusion Children that experience disadvantages suffer from negative effects throughout their life course (Saunders, Naidoo and Griffiths, 2008). Those who are consistently teased or ostracized, or are always the last ones chosen for the team; people who make fools of themselves in public presentations, or are ridiculed by superiors; and individuals who are put down, criticized, or rejected by relationship partners or because they possess devalued characteristics or social stigmas often experience social evaluative threat (SET), which occurs when the self could be negatively judged by others (Dickerson Kemeny, 2004). This leads to social pain- the emotional response to the perception that one is being excluded, rejected or devalued by a significant individual or group (MacDonald Leary, 2005) which produces specific physiological responses, including changes in the cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and immune systems (Dickerson, 2008 ; Dickerson, Grunewald Kemeny, 2004) Racial, ethnic, and cultural minority students are at greater risk than others of encountering disadvantages in school (Kaspar, 2013). In Australia and New Zealand, 11-13% of Indigenous youth reported school-based victimization in the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS; Zubrick et al. 2005), the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS; Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2010), and the Youth 2007 Survey (Clarke et al., 2009). School-based victimization is contemporaneous with, and antecedent to negative peer group conditions, including peer rejection, fewer friendships, poor quality of friendships, and perceptions of peers as hostile, untrustworthy and ill-intentioned (Salmivalli Isaacs, 2005). Based on an Australian survey, Indigenous youth were more vulnerable to emotional health difficulties due to bullying than were non-Indigenous students bullied (Blair et al., 2005). These social evaluative events that induce social pain are capable of eliciting intense emotional and physiological responses as well. Accessibility to geographical and workforce supply also contributes to the variation of child health outcome. Inequalities in health arise because of inequalities in the conditions of daily life under which we are born, develop into young children, grow into teenage years and adulthood, and live into old age (Chittleborough, Baum, Taylor Hiller, 2006; Marmot et al., 2010; WHO, 2008). High social exclusion risk are found in rural, regional areas and clusters in outer areas of Australia’s capital cities (Harding et al, 2009; Tanton et al., 2010). These reduces the opportunity for intervention and prevention of long term consequences of social deprivation on health (WHO, 2008). 4.0 Impacts of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health for Australian Children The stress of belonging to a socially excluded group can have an adverse affect on mental health. Prolonged stress raises the body’s levels of cortisol and lowers immune system functioning. Chronic stress related to racism and discrimination have been linked to diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. Modern evidence indicates that a lack of social connectedness relates to poorer immune system functioning, poor sleep quality, increased total peripheral resistance and increase risk of death (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Research suggests that the physical, emotional and mental health of children exposed to social exclusion can be compromised. Children who have been socially excluded influences a variety of outcomes, including lower immune function, reduced sleep quality, reduced ability to calm oneself in times of distress, reduced self-esteem, feelings of anxiety, depression, aggression, self-regulation pro-social behaviour, attentional processes and attitude formation. In extreme events of social exclusion, it causes a period of temporary analgesia, similar to how the body copes with severe physical injury which is both physical and emotional (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Social exclusion affect the mental health of an individual that leads to aggression, anti-social behaviour, lack of self-control , negative attitude and need of attention. Social exclusion increased aggressive behaviour and hostile perception of other’s ambiguous actions (DeWall, Twenge, et al., 2009; DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Rejected people usually behave aggressively towards large group of people that could lead to mass violence (Gaertner et al., 2008). However, the aggression drops when they experience a sense of acceptance, social connection or regain a feeling of control with their surroundings (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011).Those experiencing social exclusion will also be less willing to engage in pro-social action as they were not driven to behave prosocially without having a sense of belonging and acceptance from others. In a study done by (Baumeister, DeWall,Ciarocco Twenge, 2005; DeWall, Baumeister, Vohs, 2008) investigate a link that exist betw een social exclusion and self- regulation. When people experience social exclusion, the implicit bargain is broken, signalling to the excluded individual that controlling his or her impulses will no longer reap the benefits of acceptance which impairs their self-regulation (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). This could affect their performances when it is not linked with acceptance. Attitude plays a fundamental aspect in psychological processes. It shapes responses to create agreement with others, further emphasising on the importance of social connection that could not be achieved through social exclusion. Social exclusion also affects patterns of basic, early-in-the-stream cognitive processes that are linked to the desire for renewed affiliation of attention that could act as a building block for more complex social cognition and actions (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Repeated or persistent exposure to social exclusion can cause individuals to experience social pain more often for longer duration which leads to more frequent or prolonged activation of the psychological systems which could lead to negative consequences such as increase in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and immunological parameters.(Dickerson, 2011). These physiological responses maybe an important factor for determining the mechanisms through which social pain could ultimately influence health and disease (Dickerson, 2011). 5.0 Conclusion It is evident that childhood social exclusion can lead to ongoing intergenerational disadvantage and therefore it is important to identify the risk factors of such experiences and improve the pathways, opportunities and life chances of such children. Dynamic intervention of public policies and support from families are required to address the root causes of social exclusion in order to reverse the effects of social exclusion on the developmental, behavioural, and health outcomes in children. (1499 words) 6.0 References Blair, E.M., Zubrick, S.R., Cox, A, H. (2005). The Western Australia Aboriginal child health survery: fidnings to date on adolescents. Medical Journal of Australia, 183(8), 433-435 Chittleborough, C. R., Baum, F. E., Taylor, A. W., Hiller, J. E. (2006). A life course approach to measuring socioeconomic position in population health surveillance systems, Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 60(11), 981-992 Clare, T. C., Robinson, E., Crengle, S., Grant, S,. Galbreath, R. A., Sykara, J. (2009). Youth’ 07: The health and well-being of secondary school students in New Zealand. Findings on young people and violence. Auckland, New Zealand: The University of Auckland DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D. (2008). Satiated with belonginess? Effects of acceptance, rejection, and task framing on self-regulatory performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1367-1382 Dewall, C. N., Deckman, T., Pond, R. S., Bonser, I. (2011) Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression : Journal of Personality, Vol.79(6), pp.1281-1314 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Dickerson, S.S., Grunewald, T.L., Kemeny, M. E. (2004). When social self is threatened: Shame, physiology and health. Journal of personality, 72, 1191-1216. Dickerson, S.S. (2008). Emotional and physiological responses to social-evaluative threat. Social and personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1362-1378. Dickerson, S. (2011). Physiological responses to experiences of social pain. Social pain: Neuropsychological and health implications of loss and exclusion. , (pp. 79-94). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, x, 258 pp. Edith Cowan University (2009). Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Study, CHPRC http://deewr.gov.au/bullying-research-projects Gaertner, L., Iuzzini, J., O’Mara, E. M. (2008). When rejection by one fosters aggression against many: Multiple- victim aggression as a consequence of social rejection and perceived groupness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 958-970 Harding, A., McNamara, J., Daly, A., Tanton, R. (2006). Child social exclusion: an updated index from the 2006 Census, Australian Journal of Labour Economics, v.12, no.1, 2009: 41-64 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Kaspar, V (2013) Mental health of Aboriginal children and adolescents in violent school environments: Protective mediators of violence and psychological / nervous disorders, Social Science and Medicine, Vol.81, pp.70-78 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004), The Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,London Salmivalli, C., Issacs, J. (2005). Prospective relations among victimization, rejection, friendliness, and children’s self- and peer- perceptions. Child Development, 76(6), 1161-1171 Saunders, P., Naidoo, Y. (2008), Towards new indicators of disadvantage: deprivation and social exclusion in Australia, Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Tanton, R., Harding, A., McNamara, J., Yap, M. (2010), Australian Children at risk of social exclusion: a spatial index for gauging relative disadvantage. Population Space and Place, 16(2), 135-150. WHO, (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report. In Commision on the social determinants of health: Geneva: World Health Organisation Zubrick, S,R., Silburn, S. R., Lawrence, D. M., Mitrou, F. G., Dalby, R. B., Blair, E. M., et al. (2005). Summary report. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child health survey: Forced separation from natural family, relocation from traditional country or homeland, and social and emotional well-being of Aboriginal children and young people. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Children Health Research. Lokman O.Mahat_Dian Atiqah_ 17289812 HHB 130 Discussion Paper

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Design A 1 Bit Serial Adder Computer Science Essay

Design A 1 Bit Serial Adder Computer Science Essay The main aim of this project is to design a 1-bit serial adder, simulate its functionality and obtain a layout on silicon, using the 0.35 µ process from AMS. The circuit designed shows a working serial adder clocking at (100MHz of nsecs) with a delay of 0.56910nsec. The area of the layout is 99.3016.35  µm2 in this technology. The circuit performs an 8-bit addition in 0.569108 nsesc. The circuit uses a standard 1-bit full adder and it has a feedback loop using a D-flip-flop in order to transmit the carry bit to the next input value. The final layout product has 3-input pads and 2-output pads, with power and ground pads. The process known as serial addition of binary numbers is well known in the computing and units capable of performing such serial binary addition ordinarily comprise a basic portion of more complex computation devices. In the past, such serial adders for binary numbers have employed vacuum tube circuitry for the most part and have accordingly been subject to the disadvantages that they are relatively in large size, fragile in configuration and are subject to operating failures. These factors raise serious questions of disposition of components and problems of maintenance. The present invention serves to obviate the foregoing difficulties and in essence provides a serial adder structure capable of performing full addition of binary numbers. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an improved serial adder for use in computing applications. An object of the present invention resides in the provision of an improved serial adder for binary digital applications employing magnetic amplifiers as components thereof. Another object of the present invention is the provision of the serial adder for binary numbers which adders can be made in relatively smaller sizes. A still further object of the present invention resides in the provision of a computation device comprising, in combination, a plurality of magnetic amplifiers and a plurality of gating devices so interconnected with one another that the mathematical process known as a serial bit addition. The binary adder of the present invention includes provision for selective coupling the input train pulses to be added as well as carry pulses produced by the device itself to the plurality of gates, and the gates are adapted by themselves to selectively pass signal pulses required for the operation or inhibition of the plurality of magnetic amplifiers mentioned above. In digital s ystems, digital signal processing and control systems we can control it when we are able to count. Addition is the fundamental operation for all these systems. The fastness and accuracy are highly influenced by the adders we are use for the circuit design. Adders are very important components in the digital components because of their extensive use in digital operations such as multiplication, subtraction and division. The execution of binary operations inside a circuit would be greatly advanced by improving the performance of the digital adders. The main aim of designing the bit serial adder is to Perform one bit at a time, using the first bit operation results to influence the processing of subsequent bits. It reduces the amount of hardware required as it passes all the bits in the same logic. However this approach needs 1/nth part of hardware when compared to the n-bit parallel adders. As we are using 1-bit instead of n-bits its structure reduces the signal routing and performs at high speed as we are using 1bit register for the temporary storage and one full adder rather than an n-bit adder. The reduction in the price of the logic results in taking n clock cycles to execute this serial hardware, whereas parallel hardware executes in one clock cycle. This bit structure deals with the bit stream hence this have been successfully used in many applications like digital systems, digital signal processing, control systems etc. It was extremely popular in 2-5u technology range. The performance of a digital circuit block is gauged by analysing its power dissipation, layout area and its operating speed. The main aim of this project is to design a 1-bit serial adder. Through this project research we get the knowledge of working behaviour and performance of the 1-bit serial adder. Adders are the basic components for the designing of any digital circuit. Adders are very important components in the digital components because of their extensive use in digital operations such as multiplication, subtraction and division. The execution of binary operations inside a circuit would be greatly advanced by improving the performance of the digital adders. The main aim of designing the bit serial adder is to perform one bit at a time, using the first bit operation results to influence the processing of subsequent bits. Here in this case the one bit serial adder is designed by using a flip-flop and full adder. . This circuit has two stages full adder stage for the addition of two bits that are entered serially and second stage is flip-flop stage which temporarily stores the carry until the next stage is processed. The temporary storage of the carry in the flip-flop depends on the clock pulse. Its design principle shows how the two inputs entered serially. These two inputs will be added by the full adder along with the carry which was temporarily stored by the flip-flop and gives us the sum output and carry output. The normal 1-bit serial adder uses the XOR gates from the available core library. But in this XOR gate there is an OR gate which usually reduces the performance of the XOR gate. Hence the circuit has been modified by designing the XOR gate by using the NAND gates. What we would like to do now is find the easy way to use the sub tractor along with the serial adder circuit. By using this sub tractor we can subtract the lower bit value from higher value. This binary sub tractor has been added to one of the input which we are thinking to subtract the value. In our serial adder circuit the sub tractor is attached to the one of the inputs Y which is usually a XOR gate. This results in the subtraction of Y value from higher bit values. BACKGROUND 2.1 Addition: Addition is a process of adding bits. Binary addition means adding binary bits 0s and 1s and sum and carry generated in binary farm in any signal processing. Now lets consider the 4-bit addition example, As shown above A and B bits added giving Sum out by rippling the carry at each stage and C4 as final carry obtained. 2.2 Subtraction: Subtraction is a process of adding a positive bit to the negative bit. Negative of a bit means 2s compliment of it. This is nothing but adding 1 bit to LSB of its 1s compliment. 1s compliment is nothing but reversing the logic of the bits. Now lets consider the 4-bit subtraction example, The above subtraction technique dedicated to the subtracting a smaller binary from a larger binary. If it changes it just followed by few more steps as change sign bit (MSB) to zero, then change it to its 2s compliment as before process. Metal-Oxide-Silicon Field-Effect transistors (Mosfets) NMOS Transistor Here is a diagram of nmos transistor The source and drain are connected to the two blobs of n-type semiconductor material. The gate is on top, separated (and electrically insulated) from the rest of the transistor by a thin layer of silicon dioxide (same material as sand doesnt conduct at all). The source and drain are separated by p-type material. This forms two diodes pointed in opposite directions (when you have n-type next to p-type material, you get a diode), so no current can flow between the source and drain. When a high voltage (higher than the voltage level of the source, which is defined as the lower voltage of the two end terminals) is applied to the gate, it puts a positive charge on the gate. This attracts a negative charge in the region underneath the gate (opposite charges attract), forming a channel of negative charge carriers or an n-channel between the source and drain, which allows current to flow. So the nMOS transistor conducts when the gate is raised to the high voltage level, which we consider to be the logic level for 1 (true). PMOS TRANSISTOR The pMOS transistor is the dual of the nMOS transistor. You can look at the same diagram, but swap every n and p, and every + and -. Now, when the voltage at the gate is lower than the source (the higher voltage of the two end terminals for a pMOS transistor), we end up with a negative charge on the gate, which induces a positive channel underneath the gate, which allows current to flow. So the pMOS transistor conducts when the gate voltage is low, which we consider to be the logic level for 0 (false). The full names of what is being described are enhancement mode n-channel or p-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET). Enhancement mode refers to the fact that we have to create the channel by applying voltage to the gate. (There are also depletion mode transistors that have a channel built in to start with.) Field effect refers to the fact that were using the electric field from the charge at the gate to control things. Metal-oxide semiconductor refers to the fact that were using an oxide to insulate the gate from the rest of the transistor. The two types of transistors are named for the channel: nMOS has an n-channel; pMOS has a p-channel. Cmos There are many ways to make logic gates (not to be confused with the gate of the transistor) out of transistors. What Im showing here is the dominant way that gates are done in digital electronics today, but there are many variations out there. This is called static CMOS logic. Static refers to the fact that there are not clocks involved. CMOS stands for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. The complementary means we have both nMOS and pMOS transistors. The intuition behind this design style is simple. First, you dont want to have nMOS and pMOS transistors mixed up close to each other, because they need to be created on different types of substrate. So the natural style is to have a bunch of nMOS transistors together that pull the output one way for certain input values, and a bunch of pMOS transistors together that pull the output the other direction for the other input values. It turns out to work better to have the nMOS transistors pull down toward logic 0 and the pMOS transistors pull up toward logic 1. This is both for electrical reasons (nMOS conducts 0 better; pMOS conducts 1 better) and also to make it easy to get inverting gates. The following diagram showing how to make an inverter (a NOT gate): Such that we developed CMOS Technology by combination of Pull-up network of PMOS Transistors and Pull-down network of NMOS Transistors. All the CMOS gates are constructed using as shown below. CMOS Constructed by, PMOS transistors in Pull-up network stage and NMOS transistors in Pull-down network stage. OUTPUT going 1->0   The Pull-down NMOS transistors discharges the output capacitance. OUTPUT going 0->1 The output capacitance is charged through Pull-up PMOS transistors. MOSFETs transition states in CMOS Transistor: CMOS logic is better logic than PMOS and NMOS implementations individually. Because PMOS transistors are great at transmitting a logic 0 to1 voltage without signal loss, NMOS transistors are great at transmitting a logic 1 to 0 voltage. 4.2 NAND GATE: Constructed by, As shown below PMOS transistors in parallel and NMOS transistors in series. OUTPUT going 1->0    The series NMOS transistors discharges the output capacitance. OUTPUT going 0->1 The output capacitance is charged through parallel PMOS transistors. Circuit diagram of NAND Gate: Logic symbol of NAND Gate: Truth table of NAND Gate: A B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 4.3 NOR GATE: Constructed by, As shown NMOS transistors in parallel and PMOS transistors in series. OUTPUT going 1->0 The parallel NMOS transistors discharges the output capacitance. OUTPUT going 0->1 The output capacitance is charged through series PMOS transistors. Circuit diagram of NOR Gate: Logic symbol of NOR Gate: Truth table of NOR Gate: XOR GATE: XOR is also called Exclusive OR gate or EOR gate. This is a digital logic gate, which is used to express the function of Exclusive Disjunction. Its behavior is similar to or gate with exclusive condition. Usually it is a 2-1 input output IC respectively. An output HIGH (1) will be resulted if one, and only one of its 2 inputs is HIGH (1). Result of output LOW (0) both the inputs should be same either low or high. We can say EX-OR gate as One or another, but not both. XOR gate is used to develop a binary addition. It gives the sum for given input bits. As shown above xor of 2 bits A and B gives its sum. A xor B = A.B + A.B Circuit diagram of xor gate: BASIC ADDER UNIT Addition of two binary numbers is the most basic arithmetic operation i.e. two bits. A combinational circuit which can add only two bits is known as half adder. A full adder is one that adds more than two bits i.e. three bits. Full adder uses two adders in its implementation. In this study full adder is the basic addition employed in all adders. HALF ADDER Half is a basic adder circuit that can perform addition of two bits and gives the output of sum and carry. Half adder circuit uses an Exclusive-OR and AND gates for sum and carry outputs. XOR gate gives the sum output and carry output is given by the AND gate. X and Y are inputs S is sum and C0 is carry. S = X.Y + X.Y = X Ġ¦ Y C = X.YIts schematic representation is as shown in the figure. The truth table of half adder is as shown below. X Y SUM C0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 K-MAPPING of half adder circuit is given as shown below. Sum, S = X Ġ¦ Y Carry, C0 = X.Y FULL-ADDER Full adder can be formed by combining two half-adder circuits followed by the OR gate. It can perform the addition of three bits along with the carry input given as output from the previous one. The difference between half adder and full adder is that half adder cannot count more than two bits and cannot add the carry input which will be possible in full adder circuit. In this circuit, sum output is given by the XOR gate and the carry output is given by the AND gate followed by the OR gate. The block diagram of full adder circuit is as shown below. FULLADDER Sum S = X Ġ¦ Y Ġ¦ CI = (X Ġ¦ Y) Ġ¦ CI Carry C0 = (X .Y) + (X Ġ¦ Y).CI As shown in the above figure X, Y and CI are the adder inputs. The truth table of the above circuit is as shown below. X Y CI SUM C0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 By using K-mapping we will get SUM and CARRY as follows Sum S, Carry c0, D FLIP FLOP D- Flip flop is used in many applications. RS flip flop is the fundamental building block for the D- flip flop. It has only one data input. That is connected to the input S of RS flip flop where as D is inversely connected to the R input.. D- Flip flop is also having second input for holding the data which is known as Enable, simply represented as EN. The enable input is AND-ed with the D- Flip flop. D- Flip flop holds the data according to the clock pulse. It is constructed by using AND gates and NOR gates as shown in the below figure. D and EN are the inputs and Q and Q are outputs. The block diagram of the D-flip flop is as shown below. D- Flip flop acts as temporary data storage in the 1- bit serial adder. Its storage capacity depends on the number of stages. The storage capacity of the D- flip flop in this serial adder is the total number bits (0 and 1) of digital data it can retain. Its truth table is a shown below. D EN Q QN 0 Falling edge 0 X 0 Rising edge 0 1 1 Falling edge Qprev X 1 Rising edge 1 0 . The wave forms are attached in the results. CHAPTER 2 SERIAL ADDER The process known as serial addition of binary numbers is well known in the digital and units capable of performing such serial binary addition ordinarily comprise a basic portion of more complex computation devices. In the past, such serial adders for binary numbers have employed vacuum tube circuitry for the most part and have accordingly been subject to the disadvantages that they are relatively in large size, fragile in configuration and are subject to operating failures. These factors raise serious questions of disposition of components and problems of maintenance. The present invention serves to obviate the foregoing difficulties and in essence provides a serial adder structure capable of performing full addition of binary numbers. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an improved serial adder for use in digital systems. The main aim of designing the bit serial adder is to perform one bit at a time, using the first bit operation results to influence the processing of subsequent bits. Here in this case the one bit serial adder is designed by using a D-flip flop and full adder. . This circuit has two stages full adder stage for the addition of two bits that are entered serially and second stage is D-flip flop stage which temporarily stores the carry until the next stage is processed. The temporary storage of the carry in the D-flip flop depends on the clock pulse. Its design principle shows how the two inputs entered serially. These two inputs will be added by the full adder along with the carry which was temporarily stored by the flip-flop and gives us the sum output and carry output. This is a practical serial adder that is used to add a stream of two bits addition. First it takes the Least Significant Bits (LSB) in addition. Its block diagram is as shown in the figure. As shown in the above figure the inputs Xi and Yi are serially entered into the full adder along with the temporary carry from the D-flip flop i.e. Ci and gives the carry output Ci+1 and sum output Si. Hence serial adder is simple and because of feedback looping bit delays are expected. It can be constructed with very low cost and it is the perfect adder at low speed operations. Si = Ci Ġ¦ Yi Ġ¦ Xi Ci + 1 = Yi . Ci + Xi . Ci + Xi . Yi = Ci . (Xi Ġ¦ Yi) + Xi . Yi The above equations represent the Sum and Carry outputs using Boolean equations. The construction of 1-bit serial adder is as shown in the figure. As shown in the figure the inputs X and Y are serially entered through the full adder along with the carry input which was the feedback output of full adder. In this circuit, sum output is given by the XOR gate and the carry output is given by the AND gate followed by the OR gate. D- Flip flop used in this circuit acts as a temporary storage of carry. TRUTH TABLE X Y C00 S CO 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 This entire design process and simulation can be done by using the mentor graphics version 2005 software. Chapter 3 Nand gate design of serial adder: 4.4 NAND gate is BETTER THAN NOR. As PMOS in parallel and NMOS in series the resultant transition delay at NAND gate is lesser than delay of NOR gate architecture. To make PMOS as fast as NMOS we need enlarge channel and P-regions, but that leads to large silicon layout, and more cost and power wastage. So At same speed NOR is always larger than NAND. So it makes NAND more efficient than NOR. W/L ratio of NAND gate is smaller than NOR gate. If inputs for gates are more then, NAND will be very faster than NOR. So we use sop implementation rather than pos. XOR GATE USING NAND GATES In PMOS holes flow very slowly when compared to the electrons in the NMOS technology. Hence NMOS is faster than PMOS transistor. In NOR gate PMOS transistors are connected in series and in NAND gate PMOS transistors are connected in parallel hence NAND gate is faster than the NOR gate. Now considering another case to make this one bit serial adder little bit faster compared to the normal one bit serial adder the XOR gate is constructed by using the NAND gates which works faster than the normal XOR gate. The reason for constructing this XOR gate is that in the core library we are using to design the entire circuit XOR gate internally contains an OR gate which usually reduces the performance of XOR gate. Its circuit diagram is as follows. X Y OUT 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0Its truth table is as shown below. D- Flip Flop using nand gates: D Flip-Flop is the most popular Flip-Flop. As its output takes the value of data ( D ) input when the positive edge of clock pulse. D Flip-flop can be interpreted as a primitive memory cell. D Flip-flops are basically used as Shift registers. As a D Flip-flop can produce a output signal with a time period delay of given clock pulse for an input signal i.e., one bit shifted right to the input given signal. The principle of D flip-flop is it captures the signal at the moment the clock goes high, and subsequent changes of the data lines do not influence Q until the rise of next clock edge. thus it works as a edge triggering mode at clock signal rising. D Flip-flop is constructed using NAND gates as shown above, where D and CLOCK are the inputs and Q and QN are the out puts. X Y C00 S CO 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 CHAPTER 3 SUBSTRACTOR Up to now we have seen how simple logic gates perform binary addition. It is only logical to assume that the same circuit can also perform the binary subtraction. If we look at the possibilities involved in subtracting one bit number from another, we can quickly see that three of the four possible combinations are easy and straight forward. The fourth one involves a bit more. 0 0 = 0 1 0 = 1 1 1 = 0 0 1 = 1, with a borrow bit. That borrow bit is just like a borrow in decimal subtraction: it subtracts from the next higher order of magnitude in the overall number. The truth table of this sub tractor circuit looks like as shown below. This is an interesting result. The difference, X-Y, is still an exclusive-OR function, just as the sum for addition. The borrow is still an AND function, but is XY instead of XY. Adder/Subtractor logic developed using NAND gate (lower from higher): Addition is adding positive two bits. Subtraction is nothing but an addition where we add one positive bit to another negative bit. That means the second bit will be the positive number with negative polarity. We can convert positive binary to negative binary by its 2s compliment. 2s compliment is nothing but adding 1 bit to the LSB side of 1s compliment. 1s compliment is in any binary code if we swap bits by 1 bit with 0 bit and 0 bit with 1 bit. That is flip the binary code image. 1s compliment can be generated using XOR logic. when we give one pin of XOR gate dedicated to positive as logic 1, and other pin connected to the input binary bit, then output of EXOR will be swapped by 1s with 0s and 0s with 1s. At the same time other advantage is if the dedicated input pin is given logic, then out put will be same as input binary code. Such that in that whole circuit by changing selective pin as 0 logic it works as adder and by changing selective pin as 1 logic it works as subtractors 1s compliment input. Let we consider A + B it is a simple addition, For A B = A + (- B) = A + (B 1s compliment + 1) = A + B 1s compliment + 1 As shown above to find A B we give the full adder inputs as a to A, b to B 1s compliment and finally c in as positive logic 1. Thus adding 2 bits of A And B in this way we get A- B. Above developed subtractor circuit subtracts lower value bit from higher value bit so in 0-1 condition its not valid. ADDER TRUTH TABLE WHEN EN =0 EN X Y C00 S CO 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 SUBSTRACTOR TRUTH TABLE WHEN EN =1 EN X Y C00 S CO 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X X 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 IMPLEMENTATION The entire process of designing and layout of the 1-bit serial adder circuit is done by using the mentor graphics version 2005. The required logic gates and flip flop has been taken from the core library. Once taking all the required components from the core library wiring has been done again using the core library. One wiring has been done the sheet has been saved and done the schematic check. Once the schematic check has been done successfully then the view point has been created. Once view point has been done successfully the circuit has been run for simulation. After having done the simulation successfully the output waveforms has been checked. This output waveforms results the working of the entire circuit design. Once we got the outputs exactly what we are looking for we then go for layout design. This layout design is also done by using the core library which is known as silicon layout. After finishing the layout we will check the overflow of the IC which we will get at the en d of the process. Conclusion: In the project of One Bit Serial Adder we obtained the knowledge about the functionality of adders and developed a fast adder using NAND gate Logic. We even obtain the knowledge about CMOS technology and functionality of IC Gates. As we developed using NAND gate logic implementation the architecture of IC will be much faster and efficient. From the obtained results of Serial adder waveforms and IC design by comparing the theoretical and practical values are verified each other. Such that I can conclude the developed ICs are well functioning in any application era with a delay of 0.5921ns. Finally I concluded that a 1-bit Serial adder is developed in Conventional, NAND gate architecture and Adder/Subtractor architectures IC design and layout of IC design obtained and verified without errors. Functional and Electric Characteristics studied similar to CMOS technology as they developed.

Monday, August 19, 2019

The Life of William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Life of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, moved to the idyllic town of Stratford-upon-Avon in the mid-sixteenth century, where he became a successful landowner, moneylender, wool and agricultural goods dealer, and glover. In 1557 he married Mary Arden . John Shakespeare lived during a time when the middle class grew and became wealthier and wealthier, thus allowing its members increasing freedoms, luxuries, and voice in the local government. He took advantage of the opportunities afforded him through this social growth and in 1557 became a member of the Stratford Council, an event which marked the beginning of an illustrious political career. By 1561 he was elected one of the town's fourteen burgesses, where he served as constable, one of two chamberlains, and alderman successively. In these positions he administered borough property and revenues. In 1567 he was made bailiff, the highest elected office in Stratford, and the equivalent of a modern day mayor. The town records indicate that William Shakespeare was John and Mary's third child. His birth is unregistered, but legend places it on April 23, 1564, partially because April 23 is the day on which he died 52 years later. In any event, his baptism was registered with the town on April 26, 1564. Not much is known about William's childhood, although it is safe to assume that he attended the local grammar school, the King's New School, which was staffed with a faculty who held Oxford degrees, and whose curriculum included mathematics, natural sciences, Latin language and rhetoric, logic, Christian ethics, and classical literature. He did not attend the university, which was not unusual at this time, since university education was reserved for prospective clergymen and was not a particularly mind-opening experience. However, the education he received at grammar school was excellent, as evidenced by the numerous classical and literary references in his plays. His early works especially dr ew on such Greek and Roman greats as Seneca and Plautus. What is more impressive than his formal education, however, is the wealth of general knowledge exhibited in his works, from a working knowledge of many professions to a vocabulary that is far greater than any other English writer. In 1582, at the age of eighteen, William Shakespeare married the twenty-six year old Anne Hathaway. Their first daughter, Susanna, was baptized only six months later, which has given rise to much speculation concerning the circumstances surrounding the marriage.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Personal Narrative on Friends :: essays research papers

When you’re young, you don’t care about how a person looks or acts, they’re just people, friends. Growing up, you’ll find that qualities a friend has to have or can’t have become very important. It took a special kind of friend to show me that the true heart of a person is what really counts. Almost at the age of seven, I made a friend named Dani. I liked being with her because she was always smiling. We played together and giggled a lot. Sometimes, she’d randomly dance, spin around, or run away alone, but I never cared or wondered why. One day, there were these older kids pointing and laughing at her. I skipped up to them. â€Å"Dani’s my friend,† I blurted out happily. They laughed even harder. â€Å"Don’t hang with her, kid. She’s mental,† the one whose face was the most red warned me. â€Å"Huh?† I was puzzled. â€Å"Yeah. She’s like- a retard!† again, they looked like hyenas, laughing their heads off as they walked away leaving me totally confused. I didn’t think there was anything wrong with Dani, but there was a large part of me that just had to listen to the big kids because they were always right. The next day at school, I tried to avoid Dani. The cool kids said she was a â€Å"retard† and that didn’t sound good. At recess, I sat on the ground, lonely. Suddenly, I heard the loud familiar laughs from yesterday. I looked to my left and saw the same cool kids. I also noticed Dani, dancing with something she picked off of the ground. â€Å"Jessica!† her eyes lit up. The other kids stared at me, as if I was some translator for two very different languages. Dani stood up and was about to hug me, but I moved away. â€Å"No, Dani!† I couldn’t believe myself, I was talking to her as if she were a dog. â€Å"You are a ‘re-tard’,† I still didn’t really knew what that meant, but using the word made me feel older. â€Å"I’m not playing with you anymore.† I tried to look like my mother when she refused to buy me more candy. Dani studied my face for a moment. â€Å"Go away!† I exclaimed. That did it. Dani cried, and I felt cold tears sliding down my cheeks too. She scurried away until I couldn’t see her anymore. The big kids were practically choking on their saliva, laughing so hard.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Is Reading Fiction a Waste of Time

I love reading fiction. When my mom told me that it did not ‘teach me anything’ I was appalled. Fiction taught me many new words and introduced me to new ideas. Even though non-fiction can teach people so many things, it still can be boring from time to time. Fiction is fun, intriguing, and can teach people many new things, even if the person who is reading the story doesn’t know it. I have learned many things when I read all sorts of fiction stories.When I read a fantasy book such as fairy tales, I learned about the culture of a certain region. When I read action and adventure stories, I can learn about the climate, weather, and characteristics of a certain type of climate region. When I read a story that’s about crime or mystery, I can learn about different things that detectives do and different types of law enforcement. On the website Everyday Theology, the fact that fiction does not waste your time is emphasized a lot.It talks about how fiction strengt hens our imagination, expands our horizons and makes us better writers. Having a great imagination is important because it helps let us create new things and make new ideas possible. Expanding our horizons can help us understand other people and ideas. Being a better writer could help us tell future generations about their past and help others understand what they don’t understand. Mark Twain once said â€Å"Fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities.Truth isn’t. † Ralph Waldo Emerson said â€Å"Fiction reveals truth that reality obscures. Both of these quotes tell us about how fiction can teach you more than non-fiction. Fiction taught me many vocabulary words too. In the book Harry Potter, I learned the words indifferent, obscure, revere, and deride. If fiction can teach and audience so much, than why not â€Å"waste your time† reading it? It will teach the reader so many new things.

Consumer Buying Behavior Essay

Abstract: ‘Consumer is king’ –the statement carries profound truth in it. Today the success of any firm depends upon the satisfaction of consumers. For satisfying the consumers the firm should know about the behavior of the consumers. In these circumstances understanding consumer is a very difficult task because of the changing technology, innovation, and changes in life style. Researchers conducted many research in this area, and they given only few suggestion, but there is no final conclusion. As per the ideas given by the researchers, there are two factors influencing the consumers such as intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is difficult to classify consumers by conventional demographic factors and unless their thought process and buying behavior are fully understood, decisions on product designs and packaging, branding and distribution channels are likely to be misplaced. With the inevitability of change looming large over the horizon, Indian companies must le arn from their western counterparts; not only to identify the sources, timing and direction of the changes likely to affect India, but also the new competencies and perspective that will enable them to respond to these changes, comprehensively and effectively. Look more:  the consumer buying process begins when essay This study mainly focus on understanding the external factors like demographic, social, cultural ,price, quality ,product attributes etc for buying toothpaste. The market share of any product is highly determined by the purchasing behavior of the consumers. Following study is conducted by the researcher to find out the behavior of the consumers, to analyze the preference of consumers, & consumer awareness. Descriptive research design was adopted and the data is collected through primary and secondary sources. The method adopted for conducting survey is questionnaire; Simple random sampling technique was adopted for selecting the consumers. Key words: Consumer behavior, Toothpaste buying pattern, Toothpaste awareness, Promotion impact, Attribute impact. 1. Introduction Consumer behavior is stated as the behavior that consumer display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products, services and ideas that they expect will satisfy their needs. The study of consumer behavior is concerned not only with what consumers buy, but also with why they buy it, when and how they buy it, and how often they buy it. It is concerned with learning the specific meanings that products hold for consumers. Consumer research takes places at every phase of consumption process, before the purchase, during the purchase and after the purchase. According to Philip Kotler defined consumer behavior as â€Å"all psychological, social and physical behavior of potential customers as they become aware of evaluate, purchase, consume and tell other about products and services†. The scope of consumer behavior includes not only the actual buyer and his act of buying but also various roles played by different individuals and the influence they exert on the final purchase decision . Individual consumer behavior is influenced by economic, social, cultural, psychological, and personal factors. 1.1 Consumer purchase decision A decision is the selection of an action from two or more alternative choices. Consumer decision to purchase the goods from the available alternative choice is known as â€Å"consumer purchase decision†. The various options of the consumer may be classified into five main types of decisions. They are what to buy, how much to buy, where to buy, when to buy, how to buy. The participants in the buying decisions may be classified as the initiator, influencer, decider, buyer and users. The marketing people should initiate the participants in the purchase decision to make the purchases of the product at different marketing strategies. There are number of reasons why the study of consumer behavior developed as separate discipline. Marketers had long noted that consumer did not always act or react, as marketing theory would suggest. The size of the consumer market in the country was vast and constantly expanding: millions of dollars were being spent on goods and services by millions of people. Consumer preferences were changing and becoming highly diversified. 1.2 Indian Oral Care Industry Many people in India still clean their teeth with traditional products like Neem twigs, salt, ash, tobacco or other herbal ingredients. Average all India per capita consumption of toothpaste is a dismal 82gms.The dentist to population ratio is a critically low 1:35000 in the country. This results in low oral hygiene consciousness and widespread dental diseases. Less than 15% of the Indian toothpaste users brush twice a day. Colgate and Hindustan Lever together account for over 85% of the organized toothpaste market. Red and Black toothpowder still accounts for 35% of the toothpowder market. In toothpowders, Colgate and Dabur are the leading players sharing between them 75% of the market 2. Review of literature 2.1 Consumer behavior Consumer behavior has been always of great interest to marketers. The knowledge of consumer behavior helps the marketer to understand how consumers think, feel and select from alternatives like products, brands and the like and how the consumers are influenced by their environment, the reference groups, family, and salespersons and so on. A consumer’s buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. Most of these factors are uncontrollable and beyond the hands of marketers but they have to be considered while trying to understand the complex behavior of the consumers. In this study, the researcher emphasizes the importance of lifestyle and its impact on the buyer behavior. 2.2 Consumer Personality Factors There are two factors mainly influencing the consumers for decision making: Risk aversion and innovativeness. Risk aversion is a measure of how much consumers need to be certain and sure of what they are purchasing (Donthu and Gilliland, 1996).Highly risk adverse consumers need to be very certain about what they are buying. Whereas less risk adverse consumers can tolerate some risk and uncertainty in their purchases. The second variable, innovativeness, is a global measure which captures the degree to which consumers are willing to take chances and experiment with new ways of doing things (Donthu and Gilliand, 1996).The shopping motivation literature is abound with various measures of individual characteristics (e.g., innovative, venturesome, cosmopolitan, variety seeking), therefore, innovativeness and risk aversion were included in this study to capture several of these traits. Measures by Donthu and Gilliland (1996) were used to measure innovativen ess and risk aversion. 2.3 Perception: Perception is a mental process, whereby an individual selects data or information from the environment, organizes it and then draws significance or meaning from it. 2.4 Perceived fit Perceived fit is an attitudinal measure of how appropriate a certain channel of distribution is for a specific product .Morrison and Roberts (1998) found that consumer’s perception of the fit between a service/product and a channel is very influential in determining whether they will consider using that channel for a specific service. In fact, perceived fit was found to be more important than consumer’s preferences for the distribution method or service. 2.5 Product Class knowledge Product class knowledge is a measure of consumers perceptions of how much they know about a specific class of products (eg.,cars)This type of measure is consistent with what Brucks(1985) called subjective knowledge, that is, consumers self-perceptions of knowledge levels. This is often contrasted with objective knowledge, which is what consumers actually know. Park and Lessing (1981) proposed that subjective knowledge provides a better understanding of consumers decision making processes because consumers level of confidence in their search and decision making behavior, independent of their objective knowledge. 2.6 Product type Past research indicates that consumers purchase and channel decisions might be influenced by the type of product being investigated (Cox and Rich 1964:Lumpkin and Hawes 1985;Morrison and Roberts 1998:Papadopoulos 1980:Prasad 1975:Sheth 1983: Thompson 1971). In particular ,these authors state that certain products might be more appropriate for one channel or another, which ultimately influences consumers channel preference and choice. 2.7 Quality It is our aim to provide the best product for the consumer and we believe that if the products have quality the consumer will pay the price, says Amal pramanic, regional business director .Oral-B 2.8 Packaging Packaging establishes a direct link with the consumers at the point of purchase as it can very well change the perceptions they have for a particular brand. A product has to draw the attention of the consumers through an outstanding packaging design. Earlier packaging was considered only a container to put a product in, but today, research in to the right packaging is beginning at the product development stage itself. Packaging innovation has been at the heart of Dabur’s attempt to rap with the urban consumers. It spends large sums annually on packaging research.-â€Å"We have been laying emphasis on aesthetics, shelf appeal and convenience for consumer’† says Deepak Manchandra, manager packaging development 2.9 Promotion The greatest challenge faced by companies today is holding and increasing their market share and value. This is always a strenuous exercise and one of the tools for the same is marketing. There is no specific game rule available for using these marketing tools .The reason is: each promotional tool has its own characteristics. 2.10 Familiarity with a channel Consumer’s familiarity with a channel is a measure of the general experience they have with purchasing products through specific channels (i.e.. catalog, internet, and bricks-and-mortar retailer). Through frequent use consumers should become accustomed to using the channel, which reduces their apprehension and anxiety in purchasing products through the channel. 2.11 Brand Awareness According to Rossiter and Prey (1987), brand awareness precedes all other steps in the buying process. A brand attitude cannot be performed, unless a consumer is aware of the brand. In memory theory, brand awareness is positioned as a vital first step in building the bundle of associations which are attached to the brand in memory (Stokes, 1985). 2.12 Family influence A family exerts a complex influence on the behaviors of its members. Prior family influence research has focused on intergenerational rather than intergenerational influence in consumer generationalisation. As has been compellingly demonstrated, parents influence children (Moore, Wilkie, and Lutz2002; Moschis 1987).Yet, consumption domains clearly exist where sibling efforts may also be exerted 2.13 Shopping motives Shopping motives are defined as consumer’s wants and needs as they relate to outlets at which to shop. Two groups of motives, functional and nonfunctional, have been proposed by Sheth (1983). Functional motives are associated with time, place, and possession needs and refer to rational aspects of channel choice. Whereas nonfunctional motives relate to social and emotional reasons for patronage. The functional motives included: convenience, price comparison, merchandise assortment. The nonfunctional motives entail: recreation.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Federalism in India Essay

India is a big country characterized by cultural, regional, linguistic and geographical diversities. Such a diverse and vast country cannot be administered and ruled from a single centre. Historically, though India was not a federal state, its various regions enjoyed adequate autonomy from central rule. Keeping in view these factors in mind, the Constitution makers of India opted for the federal form of government. Though, the Government of India Act 1935 envisaged a federal set-up for India; federal provisions of the Act were not enforced. Thus, India became a federal polity with the Constitution of India. Federalism is a system of governance in which the powers to legislate is in two levels as Central and subordinate levels. Features of Federalism Federalism in India has a strong bias towards the Union Government. Some unique features of federalism in India are: * There is no equality of state representation. Representation in the Parliament can vary widely from one state to another depending on a number of factors including demography and total land area. * No double citizenship, i.e. no separate citizenship for country and state. * The consent of a state is not required by the Parliament to alter its boundaries. * No state, except Jammu and Kashmir, can draw its own Constitution. * No state has the right to secede. * No division of public services. The main features of Federalism * Provision for more than one form or government to act simultaneously on the same territory and on the same time. * Each government must have their own authority and spheres of power, though they may overlap. * Neither level of government, state or national can abolished the other. Why Federalism is Important? Federalism is important because of the following reasons: * Because of diversity, there is a division in the power of federalism (to legislate in better manner). * For better Administration. * Economic development in cultural diversity, linguistic groups, traditions, customs, natural resources. The concept is taken from U.S.A. in 1776 and at the time of U.S. government independence. How Democracy is linked with Federalism? In a democracy, the involvement of people at state level is more, as the people are free to choose their own representatives, for the people, of the people, by the people. What makes India a Federal Country? India is a vast country with numerous languages, religions and regions. The concept of federalism plays a vital role and the power sharing arrangements plays a crucial role in maintaining unity and harmony in the country. India got its independence in 1947 but it also resulted in painful partition that paved way to the formation of Pakistan. After independence, several princely states became a part of the country and the constitution declared India as a Union States. Despite the fact that the word federalism is not used or implied with Indian Union but it is largely based on the principles of federalism. All the above key features of federalism are well suited to the provisions of the Indian Constitution. The constitution of India provided two tiers of levels of governments â€Å"Central or Union Governments representing the Union of India and the state governments. Later, a third tier or level of federalism was formed and added in the forms of Panchayats and Municipalities. These three different tiers of governments enjoy separate jurisdictions and the constitution provides a three- fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union governments and the state governments. It comprises of three major lists and they are as follows: – 1. Union List: – This list includes subjects of national importance such as defence, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They form as the part of Union list as we need a uniform policy on these important matters throughout the country. Union or Central government can only make laws relating to these above mentioned important subjects. 2. State List: – This list contains subjects of state and local significance and state governments alone can make laws relating to subjects like police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. 3. Concurrent List: – It can also be termed as co-existing list and includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments. It includes subjects like education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both levels of government (Union and State governments) can make laws on these subjects. If their laws conflict with each other then the law made by the Union Government will reign and succeed. How is Federalism practiced? The success of federalism in India cannot be merely attributed to constitutional provisions but to the nature of democratic politics in our country. It ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a common goal in our country. The major reasons in which federalism has succeeded in our country are as follows: – 1. Linguistic states: – The formation of linguistic states was the first major test for democratic politics in India. There were lots of changes in democratic politics of our country from 1947 to 2006. In India, many old states have vanished while many states have been created. Even the names of areas, boundaries and states were changed during this period. In 1947, the year of independence, the boundaries of many old states were changed in order to create new states. It was done to ensure that the people speaking same language should reside in same state. It led to formation of some states that were created not on the basis of language but to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. It includes states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. There was fear of disintegration by some national leaders in our country when there was demand for the formation of states on the basis of language was raised. Earlier central government resisted linguistic states but the experience has shown that their formation has made country more united and integrated. It made administration procedure easier and opened doors of opportunities for everybody. 2. Language policy: – Our constitution has not given the status of national language to any one language. Language policy proved second major test for India federation and finally Hindi was identified as the official language of the country. Hindi, the official language of country proved to be mother tongue of only 40 percent of India and therefore there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, constitution recognized 21 another languages as scheduled languages. All the states had their own official language and much of government work took place in the official language of the concerned states. Our leaders adopted a cautious and vigilant attitude in spreading the use of Hindi in India. According to Indian constitution, the usage of English for official use has to be stopped by 1965 but many non-Hindi speaking states resented it violently and wanted to continue with English. In Tamil Nadu, the movement took ugly turn as it turned into violent agitation. Thereafter, Central government responded positively and agreed to continue with usage of English along with Hindi for official purposes. But still Government of India continues to have encouraged the promotion of Hindi in their official policy. It does not mean that central government can impose Hindi on states where people speaks their own regional languages. 3. Centre State Relations: – The concept of federalism was strengthened to large extent by restructuring of centre and state governments relationships. It also largely depends on how the leaders of ruling party follow these arrangements. In India, the same party ruled both at the centre and at the most of the states. It means that the state governments did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. There were occasions where the parties at centre and state were different and in such cases central government tried to undermine the powers of state government. In those days, central government misused the constitution to dismiss the state governments that were governed by opposition parties. It undermined the spirit of federalism to large extent. After 1990, there was significant changes as the country saw the rise of regional parties in many states of the country. It was the arrival of the era of coalition governments at the centre. It led to new culture of power sharing and created a respect for the autonomy of state governments. This new trend was supported by a major judgment of Supreme Court that made difficult for Central government to dismiss state governments in an illogical manner. Federal power sharing holds more significance in today’s time than in early years when constitution came into force. Conclusion There are still other subjects that don’t fall in any of these lists. These subjects are computer software that came much after the formation of constitution in India. According to our constitution, Union government has the power to legislate on these left over or untapped subjects. Generally, it is learnt that holding together federations do not give equal power to its constituents so all states in Indian Union does not have identical powers. Jammu and Kashmir has its own constitution and enjoys special status and many provisions of Indian constitution are not applicable in this state. There are some units of Indian Union that enjoys very little power and these are areas which are too small to be recognized as an Independent state and could not merged with any other states. They are referred to as Union Territories and include areas like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep and Delhi, capital city of India. These territories do not have the powers of the state as Union or Central Government runs these areas with their special powers. It is not easy to make changes to the power sharing arrangements of Union and state governments as it has to be passed with both the houses of parliament with at least two-third majority. After its approval from both the houses of parliament, it has to be authorized or ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total seats. In case of disputes about the division of powers, the High court and Supreme Court makes the decisive decision. Both Union and State governments have the power to raise resources by imposing taxes in order to carry on the government and the tasks allocated to them.